My Teaching Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Teaching Philosophy - Assignment Example Only when I recognize my limitations will I be able to work a way towards overcoming them and becoming a better teacher. This way, I will also be passing the message along to my students that when they recognize their own limitations, it is only then that they can start actual learning. For this purpose, I will hold class discussions as well as set up tasks that challenge not only the students but for me as well so that together we can start walking towards the path of self-enlightenment, of sorts, where we finally become excellent receptacles of knowledge. To foster a learning environment, I think, I do not need to merely stick to the curriculum as a system of rote in their classroom, but rather I should come up with new and innovative ways in which the students learn their curriculum through novel and new ways, which capture their imagination and make them eager to participate in what is going on. There are, I feel, many students who are held behind, not because they are unintelligent, but because they are not moved by the typical and traditional methods of teaching. By infusing the classroom with some innovative techniques of teaching, I feel I will be able to draw in the â€Å"bored† sector of the classroom as well, thus making it easier for everyone to learn by participation and taking an interest. This would imply that I do not pin-up unrealistic or idealistic hopes about my own teaching capabilities as well as the learning capabilities of my students. I should not only be realistic about the results and outcomes of my teaching techniques and capabilities but should also keep in mind that the students, at their young age, have much more to cope with in their lives and studies are not always their first priority.

Global Economic crisis and sub-Saharan Africa Essay

Global Economic crisis and sub-Saharan Africa - Essay Example This trend of borrowing also impacted some of the banks and financial institutions in the Sub-Saharan region as well, but the extent was somewhat lesser. Arieff et al (2009) figure out that, in nearly two decades, it is for the first time that South Africa has started experiencing recessionary trends. The study also points out that, countries like Nigeria and Angola to 'have reported significant revenue shortfalls due to the fall in global oil prices'. A recent study by IMF underlines the gravity of the situation by stating that, "The current financial crisis is more global than any other period of financial turmoil in the past 60 years" (IMF, 2009). This study further quotes from the 'World Economic Outlook, 2009' that the global growth is bound to further slow down from about 3.5 percent to just about 0.5 percent in 2009 with shades of some improvement by the middle of 2010. The Sub-Saharan region, also known as black Africa comprises of countries with many lesser developed nations like Angola, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Rwanda, Somalia, Ghana etc. While many like South Africa, Mauritius, Senegal, Nigeria, Kenya etc. have been able to register indicative growth figures many other like Rwanda, Sierra Leone etc. have been experiencing difficulties on many fronts on account of civil wars as well. This is further eroding the overall growth figures of the Sub-Saharan region. FDIs also prove to be advantageous for the economic growth pote ntial of a country. But a number of factors impact the investment climate within the region. As is evident from the 'World Economic Forum's 'Global Competitiveness Report 2009-10' while countries like Zimbabwe have registered some improvement in the investment climate, there are many other countries in the region which are yet to tide over the domestic unrest (WEF, 2009). It is under such circumstances that the overall economic situation in the Sub-Saharan region is a mix of conflictions. This study is therefore an effort to find out a larger picture of the economic growth potential in the Sub-Saharan region and how the global economic crisis has impacted the growth potential in different countries within the region. Research Questions and Objectives The main intention of the study is to develop an understanding of the diversities in the Sub-Saharan region, the years of neglect and under-development faced by the people of this region and to what extent the global economic crisis has further decelerated the economic growth prospects of the region. During the study an effort will be made to analyze the general economic conditions of some of the countries in the sub-Saharan region and how these countries have progressed over the years in the post globalization period. A broader understanding will be made about the subject by soliciting the opinion and recommendations of reputed organizations and analysts. An attempt would be made to seek answers to the following key objectives; Establish a well studied relationship between the economic prospects of the Sub-Saharan region vis--vis some of the leading nations like the US, China, UK etc. To find out the development figures of the sub-Saharan r

Comparison On Classification Techniques Using Weka Computer Science Essay

Comparison On Classification Techniques Using Weka Computer Science Essay Computers have brought tremendous improvement in technologies especially the speed of computer and reduced data storage cost which lead to create huge volumes of data. Data itself has no value, unless data changed to information to become useful. In past two decade the data mining was invented to generate knowledge from database. Presently bioinformatics field created many databases, accumulated in speed and numeric or character data is no longer restricted. Data Base Management Systems allows the integration of the various high dimensional multimedia data under the same umbrella in different areas of bioinformatics. WEKA includes several machine learning algorithms for data mining. Weka contains general purpose environment tools for data pre-processing, regression, classification, association rules, clustering, feature selection and visualization. Also, contains an extensive collection of data pre-processing methods and machine learning algorithms complemented by GUI for different machine learning techniques experimental comparison and data exploration on the same problem. Main features of WEKA is 49 data preprocessing tools, 76 classification/regression algorithms, 8 clustering algorithms, 3 algorithms for finding association rules, 15 attribute/subset evaluators plus 10 search algorithms for feature selection. Main objectives of WEKA are extracting useful information from data and enable to identify a suitable algorithm for generating an accurate predictive model from it. This paper presents short notes on data mining, basic principles of data mining techniques, comparison on classification techniques using WEKA, Data mining in bioinformatics, discussion on WEKA. Introduction Computers have brought tremendous improvement in technologies especially the speed of computer and data storage cost which lead to create huge volumes of data. Data itself has no value, unless data can be changed to information to become useful. In past two decade the data mining was invented to generate knowledge from database. Data Mining is the method of finding the patterns, associations or correlations among data to present in a useful format or useful information or knowledge[1]. The advancement of the healthcare database management systems creates a huge number of data bases. Creating knowledge discovery methodology and management of the large amounts of heterogeneous data has become a major priority of research. Data mining is still a good area of scientific study and remains a promising and rich field for research. Data mining making sense of large amounts of unsupervised data in some domain[2]. Data mining techniques Data mining techniques are both unsupervised and supervised. Unsupervised learning technique is not guided by variable or class label and does not create a model or hypothesis before analysis. Based on the results a model will be built. A common unsupervised technique is Clustering. In Supervised learning prior to the analysis a model will be built. To estimate the parameters of the model apply the algorithm to the data. The biomedical literatures focus on applications of supervised learning techniques. A common supervised techniques used in medical and clinical research is Classification, Statistical Regression and association rules. The learning techniques briefly described below as: Clustering Clustering is a dynamic field of research in data mining. Clustering is an unsupervised learning technique, is process of partitioning a set of data objects in a set of meaningful subclasses called clusters. It is revealing natural groupings in the data. A cluster include group of data objects similar to each other within the cluster but not similar in another cluster. The algorithms can be categorized into partitioning, hierarchical, density-based, and model-based methods. Clustering is also called unsupervised classification: no predefined classes. Association Rule Association rule in data mining is to find the relationships of items in a data base. A transaction t contains X, itemset in I, if X à  t. Where an itemset is a set of items. E.g., X = {milk, bread, cereal} is an itemset. An association rule is an implication of the form: X  ® Y, where X, Y ÃÅ' I, and X ÇY = Æ An association rules do not represent any sort of causality or correlation between the two item sets. X Þ Y does not mean X causes Y, so no Causality X Þ Y can be different from Y Þ X, unlike correlation Association rules assist in marketing, targeted advertising, floor planning, inventory control, churning management, homeland security, etc. Classification Classification is a supervised learning method. The classification goal is to predict the target class accurately for each case in the data. Classification is to develop accurate description for each class. Classification is a data mining function consists of assigning a class label of objects to a set of unclassified cases. Classification A Two-Step process show in figure 4. Data mining classification mechanisms such as Decision trees, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Bayesian network, Neural networks, Fuzzy logic, Support vector machines, etc. Classification methods classified as follows: Decision tree: Decision trees are powerful classification algorithms. Popular decision tree algorithms include Quinlans ID3, C4.5, C5, and Breiman et al.s CART. As the name implies, this technique recursively separates observations in branches to construct a tree for the purpose of improving the prediction accuracy. Decision tree is widely used as it is easy to interpret and are restricted to functions that can be represented by rule If-then-else condition. Most decision tree classifiers perform classification in two phases: tree-growing (or building) and tree-pruning. The tree building is done in top-down manner. During this phase the tree is recursively partitioned till all the data items belong to the same class label. In the tree pruning phase the full grown tree is cut back to prevent over fitting and improve the accuracy of the tree in bottom up fashion. It is used to improve the prediction and classification accuracy of the algorithm by minimizing the over-fitting. Compared to other data mining techniques, it is widely applied in various areas since it is robust to data scales or distributions. Nearest-neighbor: K-Nearest Neighbor is one of the best known distance based algorithms, in the literature it has different version such as closest point, single link, complete link, K-Most Similar Neighbor etc. Nearest neighbors algorithm is considered as statistical learning algorithms and it is extremely simple to implement and leaves itself open to a wide variety of variations. Nearest-neighbor is a data mining technique that performs prediction by finding the prediction value of records (near neighbors) similar to the record to be predicted. The K-Nearest Neighbors algorithm is easy to understand. First the nearest-neighbor list is obtained; the test object is classified based on the majority class from the list. KNN has got a wide variety of applications in various fields such as Pattern recognition, Image databases, Internet marketing, Cluster analysis etc. Probabilistic (Bayesian Network) models: Bayesian networks are a powerful probabilistic representation, and their use for classification has received considerable attention. Bayesian algorithms predict the class depending on the probability of belonging to that class. A Bayesian network is a graphical model. This Bayesian Network consists of two components. First component is mainly a directed acyclic graph (DAG) in which the nodes in the graph are called the random variables and the edges between the nodes or random variables represents the probabilistic dependencies among the corresponding random variables. Second component is a set of parameters that describe the conditional probability of each variable given its parents. The conditional dependencies in the graph are estimated by statistical and computational methods. Thus the BN combine the properties of computer science and statistics. Probabilistic models Predict multiple hypotheses, weighted by their probabilities[3]. The Table 1 below gives the theoretical comparison on classification techniques. Data mining is used in surveillance, artificial intelligence, marketing, fraud detection, scientific discovery and now gaining a broad way in other fields also. Experimental Work Experimental comparison on classification techniques is done in WEKA. Here we have used labor database for all the three techniques, easy to differentiate their parameters on a single instance. This labor database has 17 attributes ( attributes like duration, wage-increase-first-year, wage-increase-second-year, wage-increase-third-year, cost-of-living-adjustment, working-hours, pension, standby-pay, shift-differential, education-allowance, statutory-holiday, vacation, longterm-disability-assistance, contribution-to-dental-plan, bereavement-assistance, contribution-to-health-plan, class) and 57 instances. Figure 5: WEKA 3.6.9 Explorer window Figure 5 shows the explorer window in WEKA tool with the labor dataset loaded; we can also analyze the data in the form of graph as shown above in visualization section with blue and red code. In WEKA, all data is considered as instances features (attributes) in the data. For easier analysis and evaluation the simulation results are partitioned into several sub items. First part, correctly and incorrectly classified instances will be partitioned in numeric and percentage value and subsequently Kappa statistic, mean absolute error and root mean squared error will be in numeric value only. Figure 6: Classifier Result This dataset is measured and analyzed with 10 folds cross validation under specified classifier as shown in figure 6. Here it computes all required parameters on given instances with the classifiers respective accuracy and prediction rate. Based on Table 2 we can clearly see that the highest accuracy is 89.4737 % for Bayesian, 82.4561 % for KNN and lowest is 73.6842 % for Decision tree. In fact by this experimental comparison we can say that Bayesian is best among three as it is more accurate and less time consuming. Table 2 : Simulation Result of each Algorithm DATA MINING IN BIONFORMATICS Bioinformatics and Data mining provide challenging and exciting research for computation. Bioinformatics is conceptualizing biology in terms of molecules and then applying informatics techniques to understand and organize the information associated with these molecules on a large scale. It is MIS for molecular biology information. It is the science of managing, mining, and interpreting information from biological sequences and structures. Advances such as genome-sequencing initiatives, microarrays, proteomics and functional and structural genomics have pushed the frontiers of human knowledge. Data mining and machine learning have been advancing with high-impact applications from marketing to science. Although researchers have spent much effort on data mining for bioinformatics, the two areas have largely been developing separately. In classification or regression the task is to predict the outcome associated with a particular individual given a feature vector describing that individu al; in clustering, individuals are grouped together because they share certain properties; and in feature selection the task is to select those features that are important in predicting the outcome for an individual. We believe that data mining will provide the necessary tools for better understanding of gene expression, drug design, and other emerging problems in genomics and proteomics. Propose novel data mining techniques for tasks such as Gene expression analysis, Searching and understanding of protein mass spectroscopy data, 3D structural and functional analysis and mining of DNA and protein sequences for structural and functional motifs, drug design, and understanding of the origins of life, and Text mining for biological knowledge discovery. In todays world large quantities of data is being accumulated and seeking knowledge from massive data is one of the most fundamental attribute of Data Mining. It consists of more than just collecting and managing data but to analyze and predict also. Data could be large in size in dimension. Also there is a huge gap from the stored data to the knowledge that could be construed from the data. Here comes the classification technique and its sub-mechanisms to arrange or place the data at its appropriate class for ease of identification and searching. Thus classification can be outlined as inevitable part of data mining and is gaining more popularity. WEKA data mining software WEKA is data mining software developed by the University of Waikato in New Zealand. Weka includes several machine learning algorithms for data mining tasks. The algorithms can either call from your own Java code or be applied directly to a dataset, since WEKA implements algorithms using the JAVA language. Weka contains general purpose environment tools for data pre-processing, regression, classification, association rules, clustering, feature selection and visualization. The Weka data mining suite in the bioinformatics arena it has been used for probe selection for gene expression arrays[14], automated protein annotation[7][9], experiments with automatic cancer diagnosis[10], plant genotype discrimination[13], classifying gene expression profiles[11], developing a computational model for frame-shifting sites[8] and extracting rules from them[12]. Most of the algorithms in Weka are described in[15]. WEKA includes algorithms for learning different types of models (e.g. decision trees, rule sets, linear discriminants), feature selection schemes (fast filtering as well as wrapper approaches) and pre-processing methods (e.g. discretization, arbitrary mathematical transformations and combinations of attributes). Weka makes it easy to compare different solution strategies based on the same evaluation method and identify the one that is most appropriate for the problem at hand. It is implemented in Java and runs on almost any computing platform. The Weka Explorer Explorer is the main interface in Weka, shown in figure 1. Open fileà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ load data in various formats ARFF, CSV, C4.5, and Library. WEKA Explorer has six (6) tabs, which can be used to perform a certain task. The tabs are shown in figure 2. Preprocess: Preprocessing tools in WEKA are called Filters. The Preprocess retrieves data from a file, SQL database or URL (For very large datasets sub sampling may be required since all the data were stored in main memory). Data can be preprocessed using one of Wekas preprocessing tools. The Preprocess tab shows a histogram with statistics of the currently selected attribute. Histograms for all attributes can be viewed simultaneously in a separate window. Some of the filters behave differently depending on whether a class attribute has been set or not. Filter box is used for setting up the required filter. WEKA contains filters for Discretization, normalization, resampling, attribute selection, attribute combination, Classify: Classify tools can be used to perform further analysis on preprocessed data. If the data demands a classification or regression problem, it can be processed in the Classify tab. Classify provides an interface to learning algorithms for classification and regression models (both are called classifiers in Weka), and evaluation tools for analyzing the outcome of the learning process. Classification model produced on the full trained data. WEKA consists of all major learning techniques for classification and regression: Bayesian classifiers, decision trees, rule sets, support vector machines, logistic and multi-layer perceptrons, linear regression, and nearest-neighbor methods. It also contains metalearners like bagging, stacking, boosting, and schemes that perform automatic parameter tuning using cross-validation, cost-sensitive classification, etc. Learning algorithms can be evaluated using cross-validation or a hold-out set, and Weka provides standard numeric performance mea sures (e.g. accuracy, root mean squared error), as well as graphical means for visualizing classifier performance (e.g. ROC curves and precision-recall curves). It is possible to visualize the predictions of a classification or regression model, enabling the identification of outliers, and to load and save models that have been generated. Cluster: WEKA contains clusterers for finding groups of instances in a datasets. Cluster tools gives access to Wekas clustering algorithms such as k-means, a heuristic incremental hierarchical clustering scheme and mixtures of normal distributions with diagonal co-variance matrices estimated using EM. Cluster assignments can be visualized and compared to actual clusters defined by one of the attributes in the data. Associate: Associate tools having generating association rules algorithms. It can be used to identify relationships between groups of attributes in the data. Select attributes: More interesting in the context of bioinformatics is the fifth tab, which offers methods for identifying those subsets of attributes that are predictive of another (target) attribute in the data. Weka contains several methods for searching through the space of attribute subsets, evaluation measures for attributes and attribute subsets. Search methods such as best-first search, genetic algorithms, forward selection, and a simple ranking of attributes. Evaluation measures include correlation- and entropy based criteria as well as the performance of a selected learning scheme (e.g. a decision tree learner) for a particular subset of attributes. Different search and evaluation methods can be combined, making the system very flexible. Visualize: Visualization tools shows a matrix of scatter plots for all pairs of attributes in the data. Practically visualization is very much useful which helps to determine learning problem difficulties. WEKA visualize single dimension (1D) for single attributes and two-dimension (2D) for pairs of attributes. It is to visualize the current relation in 2D plots. Any matrix element can be selected and enlarged in a separate window, where one can zoom in on subsets of the data and retrieve information about individual data points. A Jitter option to deal with nominal attributes for exposing obscured data points is also provided. interfaces to Weka All the learning techniques in Weka can be accessed from the simple command line (CLI), as part of shell scripts, or from within other Java programs using the Weka API. WEKA commands directly execute using CLI. Weka also contains an alternative graphical user interface, called Knowledge Flow, that can be used instead of the Explorer. Knowledge Flow is a drag-and-drop interface and supports incremental learning. It caters for a more process-oriented view of data mining, where individual learning components (represented by Java beans) can be connected graphically to create a flow of information. Finally, there is a third graphical user interface-the Experimenter-which is designed for experiments that compare the performance of (multiple) learning schemes on (multiple) datasets. Experiments can be distributed across multiple computers running remote experiment servers and conducting statistical tests between learning scheme. Conclusion Classification is one of the most popular techniques in data mining. In this paper we compared algorithms based on their accuracy, learning time and error rate. We observed that, there is a direct relationship between execution time in building the tree model and the volume of data records and also there is an indirect relationship between execution time in building the model and attribute size of the data sets. Through our experiment we conclude that Bayesian algorithms have good classification accuracy over above compared algorithms. To make bioinformatics lively research areas broaden to include new techniques.

Egypt Essay -- Egyptian Politics, Economy, Culture

Egypt 2 Egypt is a very important trade country to its surroundings. Egypt has one of the most interesting rivers in the world called the Nile River. Its is three hundred and eighty-six thousand square miles four times the size of the British Isles. (Wilkins Frances 1999.). Approximately the size of Texas and New Mexico put together There year of independence is 1922. (Worth & El-Naggar 2010) There highest point of elevation is Mount Catherine of two thousand six hundred and twenty-nine meters. The lowest elevation point is Qattara Depression, which is one hundred and thirty-three meters. The natural hazards do Egypt are earthquakes, flash floods, landslides, volcanic activity, windstorms called Khams in, dust storms, and sandstorms. (Birgeneau Dean. 2002). Egypt’s is a small country located in Africa. It is in the northeastern part of Africa next to the Mediterranean Sea and Red sea. Its surrounding countries are Libya and Sudan. Its absolute location is twenty-seven degrees north and thirty degrees east. The total area surrounding is one million four hundred and fifty square kilometers. The land could fit three New Mexico’s inside. (Britannica Encyclopedia 1995.) Egypt can divide into elevated plateaus and low plains. There are many places with ground water discharge also. (Cultural Gram). The most fertile land in the world is along the Nile River. The Egyptians all relay on the river to there everyday needs. In the city Alexandria there is the largest seaport called Port Said. This is located along the Mediterranean Sea. The land in Egypt is very arid. (Wilkins Frances 1999.). Egypt is divided into four regions. Number one is the Nile valley and Delta. Number two is the Western desert including Mediterranean Sea. Number t... ... from using their Egypt 7 river as much as possible. Egypt has a very strong trade connection with coastal countries along the Mediterranean and Red sea. Also has a strong trade with its neighboring countries. Yes Egypt may not like to share the river but it brings in good profit for their whole Country. (Foreign Affairs 2010) Most Egyptians prefer a relaxed and quite life. They are very patient people Characterized by the word Ma alesh which means â€Å"don’t worry†. This term helps the people dismiss concerns or conflicts that are not that serious. They are emotionally expressive which helps in their poor conditions. Society is a serious debate battling for the hearts of the Egyptians. Rural men wear gallabeyya to long clock like dresses. All women must not show any skin but the eyes. There country is very protective and understanding. (Cultural gram).

The history of unions in America

The history of unions in America has seen a rich and contentious past. The Knights of Labor was the first major union in America, attracting nearly 750,000 members at the height of its popularity but did not have the lasting power to remain relevant in the American labor movement (Commanger, 1947, p 39) With the formation of the American Federation of Labor by Samuel Gompers in 1886, the American worker now had a strengthened voice when bargaining with their employers.   However, this new founded power and influence would not come easily.The Pullman Strike of 1894 as well as the tragedy at the Triangle Shirtwaist factor in 1911 showed to the plight that the American worker had still to overcome.(Burns, 1999) This occurred at a time when the exploitation of the American worker was at its height. Millions of unskilled immigrants were coming from Central and Eastern Europe, not being able to speak the language and consenting to any job that they were willing to obtain.The formation of the U.S. Department of Labor in 1913 and the Clayton Act of 1914 helped recognize the importance and influence that the American worker had on the economy of the country, and therefore, its future success. (Commanger, 1947, p. 78)   The AFL would further increase its power with the 1955 merger of the other great labor union in America, the Congress of Industrial Organizations or the CIO, formed by labor leader John L. Lewis. Together, they were able to pool their resources and collective strength and now, there are nine million members of the AFL- CIO and up until the last decade, their power in collective bargaining for its workers had been strong but now face new and daunting challenges into the new century.The history of trade unions can be found as far back as in the lives and ideology of the Pilgrims and Puritans of the early 17th century. It was they who gave to this country, the idea of hard work being a virtue and a reward from God and that a strong work ethic, or Protest ant Work Ethic; a term given to American culture by Sociologist Max Weber in 1905 to explain the affluent society that America was now able to offer.During this time and into the American Revolution, unions of various workers, from craftsmen to cabinet makers and cobblers constituted very primitive, but existing unions which were designed to help protect the interest of the worker over the merchant and ruling classes. One of the first notable strikes in American history was the 1974 New York strike of printers who lobbied for higher pay and shorter hours. There were strikes in Philadelphia in 1776 and in Boston in 1799; all over some of the most basic rights that the workers felt that they were entitled to under the â€Å"pursuit of happiness† clause in the Constitution.These efforts to organize were mostly ineffective but most importantly, reflected the need and desire for the worker to have his rights protected against the exploitation of the ruling and merchant class. The exploitation of the worker, as is seen today, is simply not just one receiving a low wage but any wage that is in disproportion to the amount that his services is worth.The first union seen in America was the Nation Labor Union in 1866.(Gillian, 1998. p. 87) The Union was able to persuade Congress to pass an eight hour work day law for federal workers. The law would require a great deal of expanding if it were to meet the requirements of the other 99% of America’s workers.   This would not be seen until the start of the 20th century, but as it is the case with most things in history, progress made today, was steeped in the struggles of the past. The labor union was no exception.The Knights of Labor was formed in 1869 and was the first major union with a lasting power in American history. At its peak, the Knights of Labor boasted a membership of 750,000. This was because there were no restrictions put on the membership of white and black, male and female and skilled and unsk illed workers.( Commanger, 1947. p. 39)Terrance Powdery and the Knights, for the brief time that they were able to remain organized, remained a political force in the country. However, due to the riff that was being caused by skilled and unskilled workers as well as the riot in Haymarket Square in 1886 Chicago, the influence of the Knights declined steadily.(Miller, 2001, p. 178) One that was to replace the influence of the Knights, the American Federation of Labor, was able to eclipse the power and influence of all labor unions that have come before and with the merger with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955, all labor unions in America since.The American Federation of Labor, founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886, remains the most important union in America, 120 years after it was first founded.(Johnson, 2001) Gompers, who first became involved in the struggle for equality among the workers, was a leader of his local union and of the national Cigar Makers Union. While wor king in the cigar shops, in order to escape from the boredom of the job, began to read and educate himself ob all aspects of trade, the past exploitation of the worker and how it would be to organize these same workers in order to collectively pool, the strengths of the workers in this country.Also, the industrialization of America, as being a direct contributor of the Industrial revolution, now had a surplus in the demand for unskilled labor, designed only to feed and operate the machines that monotonously turned out the product on a much wider scale than ever previously imagined.   This is represented in an aspect of the mission statements of the AFL. †The various trades have been affected by the introduction of machinery, the subdivision of labor, the use of women’s and children’s labor and the lack of apprentice system-so that the skilled trades were rapidly sinking to the level of the pauper labor.† (Johnson, 2001) The AFL later declared: â€Å"To p rotect the skilled labor of America from being reduced to beggary and to sustain the standard of American workmanship and skill, the trade unions of America have been established.† (Peters, 1991 p. 328) This remained their mission statement, even into their merger with the CIO in 1955.One of the first representations of the need for such a union was in the 1894 Pullman Strike on the south side of Chicago.(Jones, 1972 p. 462) This was the second largest strike in the 19th century and one that at the start of the strike, had a lot of promise regarding the possibility for change. Even though the strike was not directly related to the AFL, it showed the hopelessness and powerless pessimism that the workers had regarding their inability to collectively bargain for what they felt was their due rights.The Pullman Company was involved in the building of Pullman sleeper cars for the railroad companies. The workers were not paid in American dollars but in script in order to buy their ne eded supplies at the company stores and pay rent for the housing to the company as well. â€Å"When George Pullman lowered wages in relation to the 1893 Depression, yet did not lower the rents or the prices at the stores, the workers went in strike. In response, the government swore in 3,400 special deputies, President Cleveland called in the federal troops and the strike was put down with the workers gaining nothing that they had wanted.† (Jones, 1972 p. 464) The strike had turned out to be a complete failure for the workers.The strike did serve as a victory for the government as injunctions were now being used with a greater frequency as an effective legal weapon against union organizing and strikes.   Another event in American History that had tragic consequences but which led to the formation of a strengthened union in America was the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Company. This occurred on March 25, 1911.(Burns, 1999)   Many strikes, some led by the AFL, were being organiz ed all across the city of New York.Their demands were the result of the exploitation of the immigrant workers, mostly women and children who were being exploited to a degree than a modern American society would find hard to comprehend. A strike which failed in its objectives, had transpired in the immediate weeks before the fire. As a result of the attempted strike, the factory owners locked the doors to the factory and covered up the windows as to eliminate the number of distractions to the immediate work of the immigrants as well as a lesser ability to discuss and organize another strike. Only twenty minutes before the workers were to go home, a fire broke out on the 8th floor of the factory.The workers were trapped and instead of being burnt up in the fire, many chose to jump to their deaths. Women held the hands of their co workers, shut their eyes and jumped together, only to bounce off the pavement, dead!† (Burns, 1999)   This horrific event led to the formation of the U.S. Department of Labor in 1913 and the Clayton Act of 1914.(Byrne, 2006) Both of these were formed at the request and influence of the AFL which was then enjoying an increase in their strength and authority among the political circles.This is due to the fact of the greater industrialization of the American economy as well as a mass influx of immigrant workers coming to America from Central and Eastern Europe in order to escape oppressive economies and societies within their former homes. Many of these workers did not speak English as did many of the former   mass influx of immigrants do in the middle of the 19th century and who had become established at this time.   A large majority of these workers were unskilled laborers, thus had even less power and influence to bargain on an individual basis with the improvement of their individual rights before the passage of the Clayton Act.Therefore, the AFL had a now greater ability to influence for the betterment of its members, impr oved working conditions. The Clayton Act served as one of the most important pieces of legislation in the entire history of the American labor movement. The Act made it illegal to treat the worker as simply a commodity for financial gain above his worth as a human being.This increased the social standing and importance of the worker but also, excluded him from the provisions of the Sherman Anti Trust Act which had served as the legal basis for injunctions against union organized strikes.(Commanger, 1947 p. section 3 p. 43) The Clayton Act also gave the right to the worker to peacefully protest, form strikes and boycotts and dramatically limited the use of injunctions in labor disputes. The 1st amendment to the Constitution had been long ignored when it said that a citizen had the right to peacefully assemble. In the years leading up to the passage of the Clayton Act, the American worker was not allowed to peacefully assemble as their rights as seen in the Pullman Strike and in the p revention of any further strikes in the garment industry in New York City, was prevented. The importance of the Clayton Act was accurately detailed when AFL founder and President Gompers referred the act as the Magna Carta. It was indeed.In the 1920’s a decade that was seen as a time of great progress in American society, was a tougher time for the American industrial worker. The 1920’s was a time when unemployment rose quietly and the American worker, especially the American farmer, found himself faced with the daily problem of having to feed his family from the product of his own labor. The post WWI era brought wages down sharply and the membership numbers for unions decreased sharply as the major unions lost nearly a million members from 1920-1923 (Keeler, 1982 p. 87)Also, due to the scare that came over America, not to be bested until the 1950’s, the fear that the Communist revolution, which had taken place in the Soviet Union in 1917, and feared infiltratio n into American industry, was the source for suspicion from the American public as they looked into the unions of that day. Strikebreaking and blacklisting of those who did strike or who talked or striking, was now seen as a patriotic defense of the country. â€Å"The yellow dog contract which workers had to sign in order to then be considered for a job by their employer, bound them to never join a union’ at the same time, these large corporations promoted employees representation plans or company unions-pale and generally useless imitations of real unions.† (Keeler, 1982 p. 91) In order to get a job, one had to be assured that they had no ties to unions and fees that were paid under the table to the employer, was the only way in which one could hope to even be considered for employment.The influence of the unions enjoyed resurgence when the AFL joined forces with the Committee for Industrial Organization, later known as the Congress for Industrial Organizations in 193 8, or the CIO. With its colorful leader John L. Lewis, a former president of the Mine Workers Union in the years after WWI, actually led the fight in bitter attacks on many members and aspects of the AFL and their competing vision for trade unions in America.The two organizations began to find common ground in the years during and immediately after WWII. Some of the old antagonisms were put aside and a merger was formed on December 5, 1955. An aspect of the mission statement as part of that historic day stated that the two organizations shared many of the same aspirations for the future of the American worker.: â€Å"What labor wants †¦ is what theAmerican people want: honorable peace in the world, rising living standards at home and abroad, the human dignity that is the reward of economic progress, and the enjoyment of democratic liberties.† (McMillian, 1967 p. 232) The press at the time was also optimistic about the future of this historic merger: â€Å"†No doub t about it, unity of labor will bring benefits all around–in closer relationships between international and national unions †¦ in organizing drives among the millions of workers in industries that are largely unorganized, improved legislation, more effective political activity, and extended work with other community groups–all of them are in the cards.† (McMillian, 1967 p. 235)It was the design of the merger to pool together the collective strengths of the two unions, which at times, had formed a counterproductive and contentious relationship in the past as they both battled for an increase of influence in their own separate ideas of the future of labor in America. It was commented by the press that this merger might be helpful in the cessation of these quarrels. â€Å"Immediate effects of the merger will be to give the American trade union movement a single voice on political and legislative matters, instead of two separate and sometimes divergent voices,à ¢â‚¬ (McMillian, 1967 p. 237) The merger gave the two unions, now one single union, and the largest number of members than any previous union in the history of the country. This, along with the growing power of the teamsters in the 1960’s and 1970’s and their colorful and sometimes controversial leader Jimmy Hoffa, the influence of the union, in both the lives of the worker as well as with politics, increased steadily over time.The constitution of the AFL-CIO, as formed in relation to the merger, established seven different and separate departments. They are still in operation within the union. They are the Building and Construction Trades Department, the Food and Allied Services Trades, the maritime Trades and Metal Trades department as well as the Department for Professional Employees and the Transportation and Union Label Departments.There are also non-profit, non partisan organizations that have since been included in the charter of the AFL-CIO. Some of these incl ude, in order strengthening the diversity and membership of the union, the Black Trade Unionists and the Coalition of Labor Union Women. Some of the major function of these and other such groups is to lobby Congress, issue research reports and publications and build coalitions in order to further strengthen the power of the union with other groups. The AFL-CIO is made up of a combination of 54 national groups including some in Canada as well. From 1955 until 2005, the AFL-CIO came to be the recognized voice of almost all unionized workers in America. However, in the most immediate years, the influence and power to collectively bargain has hit a major impediment in the steep decline of their members.The future of the AFL-CIO is uncertain. As the organization prepared for its 50th anniversary celebration, three of the four largest unions announced that they would be withdrawing from the union. The Teamsters, which had always had a contentious relationship with the AFL-CIO left as well as the Service Employees International Union. The riffs, though seen as very personal, could not be salvaged as of yet and the future of the AFL-CIO as it continues to maintain the same level of power and influence as it did in the past, is being threatened.Another sign of the times, and one that will not likely be reversed anytime soon, is the millions of jobs that have gone overseas to countries where unions are not allowed and the worker received pennies on the dollar of the wages of the American worker. In a way, the AFL-CIO is a victim of their own success.   The improvements that they were able to give the American worker, mandatory health care from most companies, holiday and sick pay, overtime pay and a 40 hour work week have now negated themselves from many of the jobs that were once seen as bastions for the American worker but have now gone overseas by the millions.Unfettered capitalism and the reluctance for Congress to place the restrictive tariffs on these goods, for mer inventions by Americans, the television, most aspects of the radio and automobile as well as dozens of various consumer goods which had their origins in America, even the American flag, are all built in underdeveloped countries where the worker has little protection from being exploited and where businesses can reap profits in the billions. The future of the blue collar American worker is in jeopardy and the AFL-CIO may end up being powerless to stop it.WORKS CITEDBurns, R. ( 1999)   The History of New York: Boston: PBS VideoByrne, M (2006) America’s Labor Movement. PBS: BostonCommanger, H.S. (1947) Documents of American History. New York: Century Publishers.Gillian, L. (1998) The Progressives Boston: PBS American ExperienceHoyt, A ( 2001) Chicago: City of the Century. Boston: PBS American ExperienceJohnson, P ( 2006) The Supreme Court.   Boston: PBS VideoKeeler, M. (1982) The History of the AFL. Chicago: University of Chicago Press..Jones, R. (1972) The History of La bor: The Pullman Strike. New York: Premier Press.McMillian, J. (1967) The Influences of the American Federation of Labor.   New York: Simon & Schuster.Negal, J ( 2001) The Progressive Movement. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press.Miller. D. (2001) Chicago: City of the Century. New York: Simon & Schuster.Peters, M. (1991) The Clayton Act. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina PressRiis, J. ( 2001) How the Other Half Lives. New York: Simon & Schuster.

B&D Hbr Case

Black & Decker Case Memo From my point of view, Joe Galli should pursue a â€Å"build share† strategy by dropping Black & Decker name from Proffesional Tradesmen segment but promote DeWalt brand with serviced and distributed by B&D with an â€Å"Industrial Yellow† color. Underlying cause of B&D low market share on power tools is the consumer perception that: â€Å"tradesmen doesn't want a tool that has the same name as his wife's toaster. Trademan basically viewed B&D as for use at home rather than on the job. Product research, both lab tests and â€Å"blind† field testing conducted that B&D has a highly competitive product quality on majority of the categories. So the issue is all about the branding. On the other hand B&D has a higher score for customer services as opposed to market leader Makita as highlighted on the table below, that B&D should exploit those weakness of Makita.Neither buyers nor distribution channels of Consumer and Professional-Industrial Se gments has any intersection with the Professional-Tradesmen Segment thus dropping B&D name from tradesmen segment will not have negative effect on other segments buying behaviour. On the contrary, tradesmen will be pleased to hold a poer tool differentiated with brand name and color from the home applicances that the wife uses.Also note that DeWalt has a higher awar eness rating than B&D and it has achieved scoring better than B&D on â€Å"one of the best† agreement for tradesmen segment. Since using the current B&D name with a copycat strategy will not get internal support from Nolan Archibald and GaryDiCamillo, going with DeWalt alternative most likely to please upper managent. From the retailer perspective, current situation is unsatisfactory in terms of sales therefore such an alternative to build share will also please retailer.

fathers and sons essays

fathers and sons essays Fathers and Sons could of have easily been the title for Chaim Potoks novel The Chosen. In his first book, The Chosen, Potok portrays two different father and son relationships where the tradition becomes the source of conflict for his central characters, as they each seek their identities in the contemporary, secular society1. From one father and son relationship to the other each has its own set of problems and has their own way to communicate with one another. The conflicts in The Chosen functions at several levels. These are generational conflict, the temperamental conflict, the conflict between head and heart, and the opposition between a petrified fanaticism and humane tolerance2. In Chaim Potoks The Chosen each father and son relationship represent two different sides of Jewish life. The Chosen begins with a softball game between two Jewish parochial schools. Reuven Malter who is the son of a Jewish scholar is hit in the face with a ball hit by Danny Saunders who is the son of a Hasid that almost makes him blind. These two boys have two different backgrounds. Reuven is Orthodox; Danny is a Hasid, the son of a rabbi and destined by his father to take his hereditary place as tzaddik- a teacher, spiritual advisor, mediator between his community of followers and God3. This simple game in which the novel begins with not only triggers the conflict but determines the direction the novel would take. While recovering in the hospital the two boys become spiritual and intellectual brothers. Neither one could have imagined that through their one incident at the baseball game that they would grow to become spiritual brothers. Each teaches the other about their beliefs and their differences in their ways that each one of them are brought up. For Reuven and Danny are can be compared to the Ying and Yang because one supplements the other. Danny is a young man torn between fulfilling...

Free Essays on Roman Architectuer

The Roman society, like any other, had its humble beginnings. The history of their architecture runs virtually in step with the history of their empire to an extent. As the Empire expanded so did the architecture, and as Romans became more magnificent their architecture followed. Roman architecture had its humble beginnings as a form of worship. The first Roman architects were the ancient priests and dwellers who made areas of sacrifice and worship for their gods. At first, their homes were simple huts but as they grew smarter and more aware of their surroundings, they erected monumental sites for their gods. ‘â€Å"This space shall be for worship and for nothing else; it shall be four-square; †¦ whatever is done or said in this holy space the gods shall be aware of; whatever comes †¦ shall be a sign from the gods.’† (Brown 10) So, like many arts, Roman architecture’s roots are embedded in the worshiping and homage paid in religion. The Romans we re, of course, not the first to unveil and practice many of their building philosophies; however, they built like no other society before them. Their methods incorporated efficiency and sophistication to construct a whole new look. So with the rise of the Romans and the everlasting hail of Caesar after Caesar and Emperor after Emperor, Roman architecture expanded and influenced building over the world. Unlike the Empire, though, Roman design did not die at the hands of the Germanics, or rather at the hands of self-destruction; it continued to expand and play a part in every major style throughout history. Today, a look at any bridge, tunnel, skyscraper and most buildings will reveal a Roman influence. Even through its empire’s own tribulations and defeat, architecture has stood as an everlasting symbol of what Rome once was, and what the rest of the world is today. To conclude, Roman architecture cannot be looked at as a mere time period or cultural event, for its ramificatio ns lie bey... Free Essays on Roman Architectuer Free Essays on Roman Architectuer The Roman society, like any other, had its humble beginnings. The history of their architecture runs virtually in step with the history of their empire to an extent. As the Empire expanded so did the architecture, and as Romans became more magnificent their architecture followed. Roman architecture had its humble beginnings as a form of worship. The first Roman architects were the ancient priests and dwellers who made areas of sacrifice and worship for their gods. At first, their homes were simple huts but as they grew smarter and more aware of their surroundings, they erected monumental sites for their gods. ‘â€Å"This space shall be for worship and for nothing else; it shall be four-square; †¦ whatever is done or said in this holy space the gods shall be aware of; whatever comes †¦ shall be a sign from the gods.’† (Brown 10) So, like many arts, Roman architecture’s roots are embedded in the worshiping and homage paid in religion. The Romans we re, of course, not the first to unveil and practice many of their building philosophies; however, they built like no other society before them. Their methods incorporated efficiency and sophistication to construct a whole new look. So with the rise of the Romans and the everlasting hail of Caesar after Caesar and Emperor after Emperor, Roman architecture expanded and influenced building over the world. Unlike the Empire, though, Roman design did not die at the hands of the Germanics, or rather at the hands of self-destruction; it continued to expand and play a part in every major style throughout history. Today, a look at any bridge, tunnel, skyscraper and most buildings will reveal a Roman influence. Even through its empire’s own tribulations and defeat, architecture has stood as an everlasting symbol of what Rome once was, and what the rest of the world is today. To conclude, Roman architecture cannot be looked at as a mere time period or cultural event, for its ramificatio ns lie bey...

Action Plan for Tesco

Business Strategy Action Plan for Tesco Planning assumptions With respect to Tesco it could be stated that the Tesco has good financial stability and other aspect is that they have their operations in the developed economy. The country still untouched the south Asian market which is one of the lucrative areas for retail sector. The Tesco needs to enter into the developing economy as well. China, India etc. these are highly growing economies where the company can commence their business future. It is one of the major factors which are required to be prioritized (D'Esopo and Almquist, 2007). The Tesco already operated into the countries which are highly economically stabilized and have potential to grow in near future. Thus the economic factors are in favor of Tesco. Forecasts and sales It is another factor which is highly effective on the ground of strengthening the internal activities and maintaining the relationship with suppliers. It is clear that the sales forecasting is completely dependent upon the game of demand and supply in the market. The demand and supply both are interrelated concepts and Tesco has managed well in already existing international market. Sales forecasting is one of the most significant planning technique which is highly relevant to the operational activities. The Tesco has good sales ratio there profitability and revenue generation capacity is also quiet appreciable. The past sales trend could take under surveillance to understand the future forecasting of sales (Donnelly andHarrison, 2009). The Tesco can procure the raw material accordingly and most importantly the resources could be managed. The inventory management of Tesco could be managed in international network along with the development of huge suppliers’ network. Marketing implementation and control Action plan The action plan with respect to marketing mix strategies implementation includes understanding the market or economy in which the company is entering. Gaining the proper knowledge about oversees marketing condition can help in taking the appropriate decision. The products should be compatible to the needs and demand of customers (Hamilton and Webster, 2012). The product should not be highly expensive or of low quality, the economic condition of host country is required to be taken into special consideration. The pricing could also easily determine through assessing the right kind of product. At starting phase the help of offer and discount strategies could be taken just to create interest among local people. It can also lead towards the effective pricing strategy. The action plan also includes the place or distribution strategy. The location of outlets and store could be accessible and within the reach of segmented market. With a view of strengthening the brand awareness and educati ng the customers there is huge requirement of focusing upon promotional mix. The online media and television could be the main source to disseminate the information about the availability of Tesco (Chikweche and Fletcher, 2012). Thus in this way the entire plan could be implemented. Budgets The allocation of budget is extremely responsible job which must be done in painstaking manner. If the budget allocation activity has been done in an appropriate manner then it affects the entire process or task at great level. The Tesco has huge cash reserves so it is clear that they can handle the activities or implementation phase in effective manner. The revenue and profits for the Tesco is continuously increasing which improve their capacity to invest into the international market (Schaefer, 2011). The Tesco could implement 50 % of their total profits or revenue in implementing the above plan. Monitoring and control mechanisms The stage of monitoring is very significant with a view of identifying the loop holes and errors into the existing plan. The success of monitoring and controlling mechanism could be ensured only if this activity has undertaken by Tesco management on the regular basis. For the purpose of monitoring the marketing plan there is huge requirement of recording the various aspects which are required to be prioritized. It is clear that Tesco can record the expected positive outcomes and have to compare them with the actual results. It can make Tesco familiar with the current performance and appropriateness of their strategies for international marketing. Ahead the recording should be done for the challenges and risks that have been identified during the particular course of time. After identifying the risks the Tesco can take the required actions and can definitely control the implementation of whole plan. Other than recording or comparing the events, the Tesco can show their reliability upo n the benchmarking technique (Vieceli And Valos, 2000). It could also show its huge expediency in monitoring the activities and progress in an appropriate way. In benchmarking technique the company can set the particular target or some achievement to be achieved in particular period of time. Thus it can also treat as significant technique to strengthen the monitoring and controlling mechanisms in effective way. References: D'Esopo, M. and Almquist, E., 2007. An approach to mastering the marketing mix. Business Strategy Series. 8 (2). pp.122 – 131. Donnelly, R. andHarrison, G., 2009. The Marketing Planning Process. Routledge. Vieceli, J. And Valos, M., 2000. Marketing Management. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. Schaefer, A., 2011. Introduction to Marketing in Business. The Open University. Hamilton, L and Webster, P., 2012. The International Business Environment. Oxford University Press. Chikweche, T. and Fletcher, R., 2012. Revisiting the marketing mix at the bottom of pyramid (BOP): from theoretical considerations to practical realities. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29(7). pp.507 – 520.

Social Psychology 4423 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Psychology 4423 - Essay Example The aphorism, ‘men are better than women’ has become no less than a haunt for women who try to achieve an equal footing with men in the society. Women are forced to hear comments regarding their inferiority in all walks of life be it driving, office work, state affairs or something as womanly as cooking. The essay looks into the possible affects of sexism on women, how confronting sexism helps women, and a summary of the article ‘Excuse Me—What Did You Just Say?!: Women’s Public and Private Responses to Sexist Remarks’ (Swim and Hyers 68-88). Swim and Hyers have highlighted how women react to sexist remarks that they come across. The article is divided into two studies which throw light on styles of confrontations of sexism and types of responses influenced by costs of responses perceived respectively. In the first study, they have observed how women confront sexism keeping in mind that the style of confrontation varies within the groups due to difference in perceptions about sexism societal pressures. Women who are more afraid of being identified as feminists and being tabbed as rude are less likely to confront sexism publicly. While women who wish to put an end to the problems that they face due to sexism are more likely to confront sexist remarks publicly in an attempt to change the views of advocates of sexism. This is influenced by one’s personal beliefs and motivation to react coupled with the gender of the bystanders as more women respond publicly if they are surrounded by females who do not react openly to sexist comments than if they are surrounded by males who adopt an inactive stance on sexism. The study also suggests that women often develop private dislike for sexists and their comments when they are unable to confront sexism publicly. The second study suggests that women are more likely to assume that they are capable of publicly confronting sexism than they actually are. This hypothesis is coupled wi th the assumption that women usually analyze the costs and benefits associated with their responses before actually reacting to the situation. A public confrontation is thus made when women view their reaction as polite and only if they believe that their response would not augur a strong and impolite retaliation from the people who have passed the sexist comments. In their article, Swim and Hyers conclude that most of the women in their studies have not responded as they would have liked to respond to the sexist comments that were directed at them. Women in different parts of the world face sexism in round about similar forms. However, it has recently been noticed that confronting sexism helps women more than if the decide to remain quiet and develop a private dislike towards it. Instances of confronting sexism are generally lower because women are mostly afraid to confront sexism publicly. This is mostly because they are fearful of the fact that they will be discriminated more and will become the main target of the people who they will try to confront. They therefore avoid confronting sexist remarks publicly in an attempt to prevent themselves from becoming the point of focus for the sexist comments that would come forward as a reaction to their confrontation. Women also fear confronting sexism publicly because they are unable to deal with the label of impolite and rude that is stuck with them after

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 91

Summary - Essay Example Whenever there is social prevention, children feel that they are being heard and taken care of through attention and supervision by their parents. This will reduce criminal activities for children who engage in criminal activities do not get attention and supervision from their parents. Social approach also effective to practice than punitive approach. The approach involves activities such as sports, arts, music and dance which are important in keeping children’s minds at work and prevent them from doing other things. It also reduces the desire to commit other crimes than punishments. When children are punished they get rude and they become more susceptible to mistakes. In addition, punishments instill fear in children . Thus, they are more likely to commit a crime. Furthermore, most children are no longer scared of punishments. Rewarding them with things they like to do will help them avoid crimes rather than punishments (Rosenbaum, 1998). Finally, social prevention is more effective than punishments. The use of training, guiding and counseling, foster care can work effectively in the society. This is based on the fact that the child understands to distinguish between good and bad things in the society. Hence, it becomes easy for the child to implement the values in daily lives. When these activities are implemented in the society, adults can also benefit from the same. The â€Å"strengthening the family† approach aims to achieve effective parenting in order to prevent problems such as child abuse, neglect among many others. With the implementation of the â€Å"strengthening the family† approach, kids have found themselves growing in the most positive way possible. Thus, leading to better families and conducive societies. This approach reverses the need to have other interventions since it can solve most of the social ills in the society. This is because strengthening the family has made

Genesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Genesis - Essay Example This Biblical assertion triggers in the mind of every Christian that there is given beginning for everything that exists on earth. It makes it clear and easy to believe that God had a plan for His creation since He decided to begin with the heaven and earth. Each step made by God in the process of creation was typically methodical. Verse two of chapter one says that, â€Å"the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters† (New International Version, Gen.1.2). This case provides the way God is really powerful. Both the first and second verses have created the impression that God has no definite beginning. This is because everything started from his creation. He could even see what to do even before light was created. This further implies that whatever God did was meant to be a blessing to the product of His work of creation, especially to human beings. This is seen in the case where he comm ands that, â€Å"Let there be light: and there was light† (New International Version, Gen.1.3). The creation story in the Christian religion is unique from other religions and scientific interpretations. In essence, various aspects or happenings found in Genesis have been attracting the attention of scientific institutions. In this regard, some institutions seem to oppose some creation stories while others aim at providing some geological and biological evidence about the stories of creation and Noah’s Flood (New International Version, Gen.9.16). The various scientific explanations and mythologies of creation and Noah’s flood have been presented in the world today, but are often accompanied with their inconsistencies and fallacies in the attempt to disagree with the Christian Bible. Nevertheless, the flood happens due to Gods anger towards human beings. The book of Genesis says that, â€Å"Never again will I curse

Theological Reflections Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Theological Reflections - Research Paper Example Rather, they require the servants of Christ to utilize different degrees of commitment2. The forthcoming co-worker appreciation dinner will require increased levels of commitment that seek to go beyond charity. Rather, it will be important to recognize the workers for their unwavering commitment to the Sisters of Mercy’s mission, their hospitality, and their service. As Catholic employers, Mercy has the ability to show support for their poor and lowest paid co-workers through showing preferential option for the poor and vulnerable, as well as showing respect for their dignity. The Preferential Option for the Poor and Vulnerable The theological concepts of dignity and providing preferential treatment for the poor are concepts that have always been at the forefront of our core values and mission at Mercy. Providing preferential treatment for society’s poor also applies to lowly paid co-workers at Mercy, as well. It is our belief that touching the needy is akin to touching Jesus Christ. The last judgment has an essential role to play in our traditional Catholic faith; especially because the church teaches that we stand judged by what we elect to carry out towards the prisoners, homeless, sick, thirsty, and hungry3. In modern times, the Church teaches us the same through the preferential option for the poor. ... We are asked to do this by the church and failure to do so will break the required balance that holds society as one, which will be to the detriment of the whole society4. Preferential treatment for the poor is referent to the trend of giving preference to the life and wellbeing of society’s powerless and poor, as we are taught by the commands of God, the Church, as well as righteous people and prophets. Christ himself spoke to us about judgment day, contending that God will seek to know from each one of us what we did in aid of the poor and the needy5. He told us that whatever we do for the least of his brothers, we did for him, which is also reflected in the canon laws of our Mother Church. Catholic faithful, the law tells us, are obliged to go out and promote justice for all in society and that we must remain mindful of the Lord’s precept to help those who are in need and poor. Nevertheless, how does the appreciation dinner at Mercy accomplish this? The quoted doctri ne asks us as Catholics to show compassion and solidarity with the poor through our deeds, as well as our prayers. For this reason, when instituting any measures at Mercy, it is essential that we always ensure to keep at the forefront the preferential option for the poor. The doctrine’s implications are that any society’s, including Mercy, moral test lies in how we treat our poor and vulnerable members6. We are asked to ensure that the policies and activities at Mercy must factor in the vulnerable and the poor. Pope Francis has begun his journey with teachings on why the Church must now become one with the poor. He has taught love for the needy, the sick, prisoners,

From the Crime to the Courtroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

From the Crime to the Courtroom - Essay Example Take note of any vehicles or persons leaving the crime scene. Move towards the crime scene cautiously, do a thorough assessment and take note of any secondary crime scenes. This also requires taking note of any vehicles or persons in the surrounding area that could be related to the crime. Make critical observation to ensure his or her safety before proceeding. Remain alert and assume the crime is still going on until he or she confirms otherwise. This scene should be treated as a crime scene until determined otherwise through further investigation. Responding officers should begin security measures which include; assisting the victim, detaining any witnesses to get more information, protect the crime scene and communicate crime scene status to other investigators (Miller, 2003). Securing the Crime Scene The next step should be securing the crime scene. Access to the crime scene should be restricted because anyone entering the crime scene can alter the evidence or the crime scene. Fi rst responders should protect the crime scene as first as possible using tapes, vehicles or any physical barriers. One officer can then be assigned duty as the security officer to prevent entrance into the scene (Miller, 2003). Crime Scene Survey The next step is a crime scene survey. A crime scene investigator has the role of first conducting a preliminary scene survey or a preliminary evaluation. This evaluation requires the investigator to mentally prepare himself for a reconstruction theory that can be used later to interpret information from the crime scene. This can change as the investigation progresses. The investigator should note any kind of evidences that need protection or processing. He or she should also note the weather conditions, analyse its effects on the crime scene, and take precautions. The investigator should record all information of the initial survey indicating observations on what, who, where, and how issues (Miller, 2003; ForensicTalk, 2006). Crime Scene D ocumentation After a preliminary evaluation, it is important to document the crime scene’s condition. The main aim of crime scene documentation is to have permanent records about the condition and physical evidence of the crime scene. There are four main tasks in this step; photography, note taking, videography and sketching of the scene. Note taking: These are written records of crime scene activities. These notes are made alongside crime scene activities. This is to prevent any memory loss in case the notes are taken later. Notes taken should include notification information, scene description, victim description, the crime scene team with a description of each team member’s role, and information about how, when, and with whom the officer arrived with at the scene. It should also have similar information on who was present at the scene (Miller, 2003; ForensicTalk, 2006). Documentation using Videotaping: Videotaping has received wide acceptance due to increased afford ability and availability of equipment used, the three dimensional portrayal of the scene and the investigation supportive features such as compact size and zoom lenses. It is also accepted by the jury as a reliable documentation procedure. Videography follows crime scene survey. The process of videotaping should be objective with no audio discussion or narration included. The process of v

Media Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Analysis - Essay Example When presenting an  advertisement, there are usually a set of rules meant to  govern  what and what not to be included in the advertisement. The rules are there to  keep  the  advertisement  from being â€Å"bad†. An advertisement should not encourage any vices, should not be  racist, and should not promote violence and so on. To ensure that this does not happen, there are media ethics that are there to be followed (Ward 6). Media ethics are a  set  of  rule  expected to be followed by journalist, should be based on ethics of universal  being (Ward 6). They should be  keen  on the well being of the human being. Without the ethical foundation, relativism undermines the  conception  of the right and makes  our  practices  unreasonable. In the case of advertising, there might be a difference in understanding, and judging an  advertisement  because of several things; it might be the  environment  one  has been brought  up in, it might be a difference in age, level of education, and so on. In this paper, I  intend  to  break  down two cigarette advertisements and  show  the  significance  of my findings. I will also discuss the appeals used and whether they are ethical or not. In the first advertisement, the chesterfield cigarette  commercial, there is the use of animation and humor. A King intends to  knight  a loyal  subject  if he can  confess  that the chesterfield king is the best. The loyal subject seems  desperate  to be knighted that even if he does not know much about the king of chesterfield, he does not admit it. He  is helped  by the king’s advisor and impresses the king. The king’s advisor warns the  king  to use his  flat  side of the  sword  to avoid what happened the last time. As the advisor warns the king, he mimics the  cutting  of a throat. As the king, knights the loyal subject, he swings his sword powerfully and chops o ff the  loyal  subject’s head.  In the advertisement, the king represents the  cigarette, the loyal  subject  represents the smoker, and the advisor represents the luring of the smoker to smoking.  The smoker seeks the  pleasure  of the  cigarette  when he goes to be knighted; the  king  who is the  cigarette  gives the pleasure but eventually kills the smoker. In the advertisement, there is more concentration on the good  side  of smoking (knighted) than the bad side. It is not clear whether the  loyal  subject is the killed. Smoking  is well known  all over the world as  unhealthy, despite that people still smoke. In the second advertisement, Flintstones for Winston cigarette there is the use of animation and an  immensely  popular cartoon character (Fred Flintstone). He  is then brought  out as a loyal customer of the Winston cigarette. The seller of the  cigarette  still goes into details about the uniqueness of the cigarette despite Fred Flintstone being  familiar  to the cigarette. He puts the  cigarette  on Fred’s mouth and calls it  practice. The  cigarette  is portrayed  as a sweet cigarette with a good length, making it better than the rest of the cigarettes. Unlike the chesterfield advertisement, this advertisement concentrates solely on the goodness of the cigarette. Analysis of the two advertisements In the chesterfield cigarette  advertisement, it is  significant  to  note  the use of animation on the advertisement. Although the  advertisement  has tried to portray the

From the Crime to the Courtroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

From the Crime to the Courtroom - Essay Example Take note of any vehicles or persons leaving the crime scene. Move towards the crime scene cautiously, do a thorough assessment and take note of any secondary crime scenes. This also requires taking note of any vehicles or persons in the surrounding area that could be related to the crime. Make critical observation to ensure his or her safety before proceeding. Remain alert and assume the crime is still going on until he or she confirms otherwise. This scene should be treated as a crime scene until determined otherwise through further investigation. Responding officers should begin security measures which include; assisting the victim, detaining any witnesses to get more information, protect the crime scene and communicate crime scene status to other investigators (Miller, 2003). Securing the Crime Scene The next step should be securing the crime scene. Access to the crime scene should be restricted because anyone entering the crime scene can alter the evidence or the crime scene. Fi rst responders should protect the crime scene as first as possible using tapes, vehicles or any physical barriers. One officer can then be assigned duty as the security officer to prevent entrance into the scene (Miller, 2003). Crime Scene Survey The next step is a crime scene survey. A crime scene investigator has the role of first conducting a preliminary scene survey or a preliminary evaluation. This evaluation requires the investigator to mentally prepare himself for a reconstruction theory that can be used later to interpret information from the crime scene. This can change as the investigation progresses. The investigator should note any kind of evidences that need protection or processing. He or she should also note the weather conditions, analyse its effects on the crime scene, and take precautions. The investigator should record all information of the initial survey indicating observations on what, who, where, and how issues (Miller, 2003; ForensicTalk, 2006). Crime Scene D ocumentation After a preliminary evaluation, it is important to document the crime scene’s condition. The main aim of crime scene documentation is to have permanent records about the condition and physical evidence of the crime scene. There are four main tasks in this step; photography, note taking, videography and sketching of the scene. Note taking: These are written records of crime scene activities. These notes are made alongside crime scene activities. This is to prevent any memory loss in case the notes are taken later. Notes taken should include notification information, scene description, victim description, the crime scene team with a description of each team member’s role, and information about how, when, and with whom the officer arrived with at the scene. It should also have similar information on who was present at the scene (Miller, 2003; ForensicTalk, 2006). Documentation using Videotaping: Videotaping has received wide acceptance due to increased afford ability and availability of equipment used, the three dimensional portrayal of the scene and the investigation supportive features such as compact size and zoom lenses. It is also accepted by the jury as a reliable documentation procedure. Videography follows crime scene survey. The process of videotaping should be objective with no audio discussion or narration included. The process of v

Conceptual framework Essay Example for Free

Conceptual framework Essay The table1 below shows that the theories for the adoption and diffusion of an IT-based innovation. Scholar name: Theory name 1. Rogers (1983, 1995) Innovation diffusion theory 2. Moore and benbasat (1991) Perceived characteristics of innovation 3. Davis (1989) Technology acceptance model 4. K won and Zmud (1987) Diffusion/ implementation model 5. Fishbein and Ajzen’s (1975) Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) Table1 2, a list of innovation adoption theories. Davis developed the technology acceptance model in 1989. It aims to explain the determinants of computer acceptance in general the capability of the user’s behavior across a broad range of end-user computing technologies and user populations, while being parsimonious and theoretically justified (Davis 1989). The theory includes several theoretical backgrounds like adoption of innovations, the cost-benefit paradigm, expectancy theory, and self-efficacy theory. At the core of the theory is the model proposed by Davis, which focuses on the perceived usefulness of technology and perceived ease of use, which plays a significant influence in adopting innovation. Figure 1. Davis Technology Acceptance Model Davis’ TAM originated from the Fishbein and Ajzen’s Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) model (Davis, 1989). The TRA model aims â€Å"to explain a broader range of behaviors based on situation specific combinations of personal beliefs and attitudes, and the effects of beliefs of others close to the individual† (Szajna, 1996). The discussion and limitation of the theories A limitation has been found for using those theories is that â€Å"according to the research, there are only the Innovation diffusion theory (Roger, 1995) and Diffusion/ implementation model (K won and Zmud, 1987) predict the both of an individual’s adoption behavior and an organization’s adoption behavior. † (Anand Jeyaraj, Joseph W Rottam, Mary C Lacity). The others theories predict only an individual’s adoption behavior. In another words, the TAM and TRA only exam the innovation adoption from the individual blogger perspective. However, to eliminate the limitation, the author will choose using with the DOI theory together in order to deeply analyze the both innovation adoption by individual bloggers and organizations. Diffusion and Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory 1995 Diffusion is the process in which and innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system. It is a special type of communication, in that the messages are concerned with new ideas (Rogers 1995, 5). In his works, Rogers discusses diffusion as the transfer of innovations through different media in a specific time and into different members of the social system. He also defines communication, an important and critical part of the diffusion of innovations. He defines communication in the diffusion of innovations as a process in which participants create and share information with one another in order to reach a mutual understanding. This definition implies that communication is a process of convergence (or divergence) as two or more individuals exchange information in order to move toward each other (or apart) in meanings that they give to certain events (Rogers 1995, 6). Communication is a very important factor in the diffusion of innovations, it is a medium which must be perceived as a two way process rather as a one-way linear act, since in the diffusion of innovations, those who are yet to accept the innovations must be well adept and informed about the innovation. Blogging is a form of innovation which involves the interaction of a whole social system in the dynamic cyberspace. Corporate blog is seen as a communication method which involves the interaction of two or more individuals or even a whole social system. Diffusion is a special type of communication in which the messages are about a new idea. This newness of the idea in the message content gives diffusion its special character (Rogers 1995, 6). From these statements come new concepts such as newness, uncertainty, and information in the context of diffusion. While uncertainty is the degree to which a number of alternatives are perceived with respect to the occurrence of an event and the relative probability of alternatives. Uncertainty implies a lack of predictability, of structure, and of information. Rogers (1995) cites Rogers and Kincaid (1981) in the discussion of Information in the context of diffusion. Wherein, Information is a difference in matter-energy that affects uncertainty in a situation where a choice exists among a set of alternatives. Advances in technology, embodies information and reduces uncertainty about cause-effect relationships in problem solving. Technology is information put into use in order to carry out some task (Rogers et. al. 1999, 689) As technological advances are the major factors diffused, studies have also been conducted in relation to technological transfers which is much related to the diffusion of innovations. Technology transfer is the application of information into use (Rogers 1995). As defined, technological transfer is the application of theoretical innovations into applied inputs and outputs which may be used for both commercialized and not commercialized produce or services, wherein consumers or corporations benefit. The information that is transferred results from research that is conducted, perhaps in order for it to be applied to the development and commercialization of new or improved products or services that are sold in the marketplace by private companies (Matkin 1990). The process of technological transfer involves an interaction between the corporation and the corresponding stakeholders which benefit or which are affected by the corporation. Thus the suggestions in Rogers’ theory that there must be clear coordination through communication should be applied as reinforced by Williams and Gibson. The technology transfer process usually involves communication between (1) a source of technology that possesses specialized technical skills, and (2) receptors who do not possess these specialized skills and who cannot create the technology themselves (Williams Gibson 1990). Which is basically corresponding to the logical flow that technology is basically transferred to those who are not well adept to the advanced technology. A technology is a design for instrumental action that reduces the uncertainty in the cause-effect relationships involve in achieving a desired outcome (Rogers 1995, 13). Technology often has two aspects, one is the hardware aspect and the second is the software aspect. The hardware aspect consists of a tool that embodies the technology as a material or physical object (Rogers 1995, 13). The hardware aspect often comes as the solid part of the technology, as in the case of the computer, the hardware aspect is the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse the central processing unit, semiconductors etc. The software aspect consists of the information base for the tool (Rogers 1995, 6). The software aspect is then composed of the tools which enable the hardware to pursue its functions. As in the case of the computer, the software aspect is the codes, programs, commands, instructions, manuals, etc. Contrary to the common perception that the hardware is mostly is technology since it is normal for humans to think only of things which they can see and hold – yet technology may be purely the software aspect or may entirely be composed only of information which is new and considerably helpful than the current design and functions of normal practices. Examples of these technologies which may be composed of pure information are political ideologies such as Marxism and Maoism; and or religious beliefs and ideas such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, etc. Corporate blog may be attributed to the software part, as there is no solid hardware present, but the computers and other equipments. It is an easy way to make organizations adopt to innovations, such technology existed for quite sometime yet there are yet a few corporations who did not join the trend of corporate blogging. Everett Rogers conceptualized the Diffusion of innovation theory in 1995. In this theory, Rogers (1995) points out that the acceptance of an innovation depends upon certain qualities as perceived by the audience. These qualities are the relative advantage of the innovation, its compatibility with existing values and practices, its simplicity and ease of use, its trialability, and its observable results. Relative advantage is the degree an innovation is perceived as a better idea than its preceding innovations. This quality is measured in economic terms, social prestige, convenience and satisfaction (Robinson, no date). Robinson further stresses that â€Å"the greater the perceived relative advantage of an innovation, the more rapid its rate of adoption is likely to be†. Compatibility with existing values and practices is concerned with the consistency of the innovation to the existing values, past experiences, and needs of potential adopters. If an idea is perceived to be incompatible with existing values and practices of a social system, it is less likely to be adopted. Simplicity and ease of use is the adopter’s perception on the difficulty of the innovation to understand and use. The simpler the innovation, the more rapid its rate of adoption will be. Trialability is the degree an innovation may be experimented with on a limited basis (Robinson, no date). Trialability of an innovation reduces the potential adopter’s uncertainties about the innovation. Observable result is the degree to which an adopter sees the results of an innovation. The more visible the result is, the more likely individuals will adopt it. These are the factors that must be considered in order to create a successful innovation. In summary, innovations simply with more relative advantages, greater compatibility, trialability, observability, and less complexity will gain a higher rate of adoption. There are four main elements in the Diffusion of Innovations as identified by Rogers (1995), these are (1) Innovation, (2), Channels, (3) Time, and (4) social system. As defined earlier, Rogers (1995, 11) defines diffusion as the process by which (1) and innovation (2) is communicated through certain channels (3) over time (4) among the members of the social system. Innovations. An innovation is an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by and individual or other unit of adoption. I matters little, so far as human behavior is concerned, whether or not an idea is â€Å"objectively† new as measured by the lapse of time since its first use or discovery (Rogers 1995, 12). As Rogers (1995, 12) stresses, it should be assumed that the diffusion and adoption of all innovations are necessarily desirable. The attributes of innovations are namely, (1) Relative advantage, (2) Compatibility, (3) Complexity, (4) Trialability, and (5) Observability. Rogers (1997, 2) discussed each of the five attributes; Relative advantage is the degree to which innovation is perceived as better than the idea it supercedes. Individuals evaluate new ideas in relationship to the ideas with which they are familiar; compatibility as the degree to which an innovation is perceived as similar to the individual’s past experiences, values and beliefs; Complexity as the degree to which an innovation is perceived as difficult to understand and use; Trialability as the degree to which an innovation is perceived as divisible by the individual for purposes of gaining personal experience with it; and observability as the degree to which an innovation is perceived as highly visible to others.

Marketing Strategies of Hyundai in India

Marketing Strategies of Hyundai in India A marketing strategy explains how the business will achieve the objectives laid down in the overall marketing plan . The marketing strategy explains how the business will reach its target audience , which should lead to an increase in the sales . Marketing strategies should include clearly defined roles and the responsibilities and should also set time scales to each task . A marketing strategy may seem similar to the business strategy , however it is different in that it focuses on one specific aspect of the business , the customers . A business strategy looks at all the components of a business such as the supply chain , the manufacturing operation , human resources and so on . The marketing strategy is only concerned with effecting a plan that will bring the businesses products or services to their target audience . WHY MARKETING STRATEGY IS IMPORTANT ? Marketing plays an important role in the strategic planning process for many organizations . Although some marketing positions are represented at the corporate level , most are at the functional level within the business units of an organization . Marketing is involved in the strategic planning at all organizational levels . Strategic marketing describes the marketing activities that affect the corporate , business,and marketing strategic plans . Strategic marketing activities can be classified into three basic functions . First, marketers help orient everyone in the organization toward markets and the customers . Thus , they are responsible for helping the organizations execute a marketing philosophy throughout the strategic planning process. Second , marketers help gather and analyze the information required to examine the current situation , identify trends in the marketing environment , and assess the potential impact of these trends . This information and analysis provides input for the corporate , business , and marketing strategic plans . Third , marketers are involved in the development of the corporate , business , and marketing strategic plans . Marketings influence varies across the organizations . For organizations driven by a marketing philosophy , marketing necessarily plays a key role in the strategic decision making . The trend toward pushing the strategic planning responsibility further down the organization is increasing the marketings clout in an organizations strategic planning process . Marketing management relates to specific product the marketing strategies . It differs from strategic marketing in its basic orientation . Strategic marketing focuses on the broad strategic decisions at the corporate and the business levels . Marketing management is concerned , by contrast , with specific strategic decisions for individual products and the day-to-day activities needed to execute these strategies successfully . At the operating level , marketing managers must focus on the four Ps of the marketing mix : price, product, promotion, and place . The strategic role of the marketing and marketing management are now in a period of considerable change and evolution . These changes are due to a number of important environmental phenomena that are affecting the way many firms do the business. To begin, many well known companies work closely with dedicated partners on the supply side and the distributor side of their business , expecting their distributors to play pro-active roles in the development of the services and marketing strategy . For example on the supply side , the modern day Nike does very little manufacturing of its own and focuses largely on the marketing . In this vein , companies such as this are actually embedded in the business networks , comprising strategic alliances among the suppliers, distributors , and the marketing firm . MARKETING STRATEGIES OF HYUNDAI MOTORS IN INDIA HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY The Hyundai Motor Company is a South Korean multinational automaker headquartered in Seoul , South Korea . Hyundai was founded in 1967 and it along with Kia , together comprise the Hyundai Motor Group , which is the worlds fourth largest automobile manufacturer based on annual vehicle sales in 2010 . In 2008 , Hyundai (without Kia) ranked as the eighth largest automaker . In 2012 , Hyundai sold over 3.6 million vehicles worldwide . Hyundai operates the worlds largest integrated automobile manufacturing facility in Ulsan , which is capable of producing 1.6 million units annually . The company employees about 75,000 persons worldwide . Hyundai vehicles are sold in 193 countries through some 6,000 dealerships and showrooms . Chung Ju-Yung founded the Hyundai Engineering and Construction Company in 1947 . Hyundai Motor Company was later established in 1967 . The companys first model , the Cortina , was released in cooperation with Ford Motor Company in 1968 . When Hyundai wanted to develop their own car , they hired George Turnbull , the former Managing Director of Austin Morris at British Leyland . He in turn hired five other top British car engineers . They were Kenneth Barnett body design , engineers John Simpson and Edward Chapman , John Crosthwaite ex -BRM as chassis engineer and Peter Slater as chief development engineer . In 1975 , the Pony , the first Korean car , was released, with styling by Giorgio Giugiaro of ItalDesign and power train technology provided by Japans Mitsubishi Motors . Exports began in the following year to Ecuador and soon thereafter to the Benelux countries . HYUNDAI IN INDIA Hyundai Motor India Limited is currently the second largest auto exporter from India . It is making India the global manufacturing base for the small cars . Hyundai sells several models in India , the most popular being the Santro Xing , i10 and the i20 . Other models include Getz Prime, Accent, Terracan, Elantra, second generation Verna, Tucson, Santa Fe and the Sonata Transform . Hyundai has two manufacturing plants in India located at Sriperumbudur in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.. Both plants have a combined annual capacity of 600,000 units . In the year 2007, Hyundai opened its RD facility in Hyderabad , employing now nearly 450 engineers from different parts of the country . Hyundai Motor India Engineering (HMIE) gives technical engineering support in Vehicle development and CAD CAE support to Hyundais main RD center in Namyang Korea . In 2010 , Hyundai started its design activities at Hyderabad RD Center with the Styling, Digital Design Skin CAD Teams . South Korean car maker Hyundai, which as per reports is also worlds fastest growing automaker and fourth largest car manufacturer across the globe , has launched a new car , Hyundai EON in October 2011 in India . Eon is an entry-level car but at the same time it is very spacious with a large boot . The car has 814 cc engine, promising to deliver the mileage of over 20 km per litre . MARKETING STRATEGIES OF HYUNDAI IN INDIA Target Markets Hyundai marketing strategy is differentiated marketing.The primary consumer target is middle to upper income professionals , who need value for their money and comfortable ride in city conditions .The secondary consumer target is college students who need style and speed . The primary business target is mid sized to large sized corporates that want to help their managers and employess by providing them a car with ease of transport . The secondary business target is entrepreneurs and small business owners who want to provide discounts to managers buying a new car. Marketing Communications By integrating all messages in all media the Hyundai will reinforce the brand name main points of product differentiation . Research about media consumption , pattern will help the advertising agency to choose appropriate media and timing to reach prospects before during the product introduction .Thereafter , advertising will appeared on a pulsing basis to maintain brand awareness and communicate various differentiation messages . The agency will also co-ordinate public relation efforts to build Hyundai brand support the differentiation message . To attract market attention encourage purchasing , the Hyundai offer a limited time , registration insurance . To attract ,retain motivate channel partners for a push strategy , the Hyundai use trade sales promotions and personal selling to channel partner . Road shows The company plans to stage road shows , to display vehicles in the pavilions during various college festivals and exhibition . This will appeal to youngsters more and attracts them towards the cars of Hyundai. Television advertisements Advertisements to promote and market the products will be shown on leading television channels. Major music and sports channels will promote and they will reach out to the youth will be promoted through Star , Zee , Sony and Doordarshan etc as it has more viewers . Radio Radio is the medium with the widest coverage . Studies have recently shown high levels of exposure to radio broadcasting both within urban and rural areas , whether or not listeners actually own a set.. So radio announcements will be made and advertisements will be announced on the radio about the products features and price, qualities, etc. Print Ads Daily advertisements in leading newspapers and magazines will be used to promote the products. Leaflets at the initial stage will be distributed at railway stations, malls, college areas and various other locations . Workshops and Seminars Workshops and seminars will be held in colleges and big corporate to make people aware about the companies past performance and products features , their affordability and usage , vast distribution network . Road shows will be conducted where free trials of the cars would be given . Banners, neon signs Hoardings , banners , neon signs will be displayed at clubs , discs , outside theatres and shops to promote the brand cars . Booklets and pamphlets Booklets will be kept at car showrooms , retail battery outlets , etc for the customer to read. These booklets will provide information about the company , the products offered which suits the customers need accordingly . Rural Marketing Hyundai Motors India has introduced a new marketing initiative Ghar Ghar Ki Pehchaan to tap the India rural car market . The company has rolled out special schemes for government employees in rural areas and members of gram panchayats on the purchase of Santro . Hyundai Motor is keen to expand its market to rural areas with setting up 300 new rural sale outlets , all this expansion is in progress for the launch of the cheapest car from the Hyundai stable until November this year . Currently Hyundai is maintaining its standard 325 dealership outlets within cities and this new expansion strategy could make the rural outlet number network extend to 1,000 . Hyundai Motors , Indias second largest car manufacturer has announced to generate employment for about 2,000 sales executives at these rural outlets . According to Hyundai Motors , the car markets which are present in areas outside the superior 40 cities are marked under rural areas . Arvind Saxena , director of marketing sales at Hyundai Motor India given in an interview to Financial Chronicle said that the company has already placed 700 new outlets at rural areas with 300 more coming in way within the next few months . These outlets are just the basic models made with small investments and these are not the typical permanent outlets made with brick and stone . Their basic plan is to give a feel to rural folks with car demonstrations , test drives in addition with basic little repair requirements . The size dimensions for these rural showrooms would be 900 sq ft.. Around 150 of these rural outlet showrooms would house a 2,000 sq ft service workshop of their own . A four member team is made with 2 sales and two executives for service by the Korean Autocar giant for the rural model and they will visit the rural outlets at regular intervals. The ever increasing importance of rural areas is signified from figures which show that they contribute about 31 per cent in sales for the company. According to Saxena the company plans to generate 33 per cent share, by the end of 2013 from these rural models as they help amazingly in increasing the sales. It is estimated that 356,717 cars were sold by Hyundai n 2012.